Plasma Olink Proteomics Reveals Novel Biomarkers for Prediction and Diagnosis in Dilated Cardiomyopathy with Heart Failure
Journal of Proteome Research
Official Abstract
In this study, we utilized the Olink Cardiovascular III panel to compare the expression levels of 92 cardiovascular-related proteins between patients with dilated cardiomyopathy combined with heart failure (DCM-HF) (n = 20) and healthy normal people (Normal) (n = 18). The top five most significant proteins, including SPP1, IGFBP7, F11R, CHI3L1, and Plaur, were selected by Olink proteomics. These proteins were further validated using ELISA in plasma samples collected from an additional cohort. ELISA validation confirmed significant increases in SPP1, IGFBP7, F11R, CHI3L1, and Plaur in DCM-HF patients compared to healthy controls. GO and KEGG analysis indicated that NT-pro BNP, SPP1, IGFBP7, F11R, CHI3L1, Plaur, BLM hydrolase, CSTB, Gal-4, CCL15, CDH5, SR-PSOX, and CCL2 were associated with DCM-HF. Correlation analysis revealed that these 13 differentially expressed proteins have strong correlations with clinical indicators such as LVEF and NT-pro BNP, etc. Additionally, in the GEO–DCM data sets, the combined diagnostic value of these five core proteins AUC values of 0.959, 0.773, and 0.803, respectively indicating the predictive value of the five core proteins for DCM-HF. Our findings suggest that these proteins may be useful biomarkers for the diagnosis and prediction of DCM-HF, and further research is prompted to explore their potential as therapeutic targets.
Text reproduced verbatim from PMC (source); DOI; CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0.
Research Question
Can targeted plasma proteomics identify DCM-HF-associated proteins that replicate in an independent plasma ELISA cohort and retain diagnostic discrimination as corresponding gene-expression markers across external human cardiac transcriptomic datasets?
Author Evidence Summary
This study used targeted plasma proteomics to identify DCM-HF-associated protein signals and then evaluated their reproducibility across an independent plasma assay and external cardiac transcriptomic datasets. Among 103 locally recruited participants, 38 individuals (20 DCM-HF and 18 healthy controls) formed the Olink discovery cohort, in which 92 cardiovascular-related proteins were profiled. Thirty-three proteins differed at p<0.05, and 13 showed marked higher abundance in DCM-HF, remained significant after FDR correction, and were all upregulated in the discovery analysis. Five candidates—SPP1, IGFBP7, F11R, CHI3L1 and PLAUR—were prioritized and subsequently measured by ELISA in an independent 65-participant plasma cohort (30 DCM-HF and 35 controls), where all five were higher in DCM-HF (P<0.001). The corresponding five-gene expression panel also showed diagnostic discrimination across three external human cardiac transcriptomic datasets, with combined AUCs of 0.959, 0.773 and 0.803. These findings support a cross-assay biomarker-discovery framework for DCM-HF, but they do not establish prospective disease prediction, clinically validated diagnostic utility, causal mechanisms, or treatment benefit.
Cite this paper
Plain citation
Shuai Xu, Ge Zhang, Xin Tan, Yiyao Zeng, Hezi Jiang, Yufeng Jiang, Xiangyu Wang, Yahui Song, Huimin Fan, Yafeng Zhou. Plasma Olink Proteomics Reveals Novel Biomarkers for Prediction and Diagnosis in Dilated Cardiomyopathy with Heart Failure. Journal of Proteome Research. 2024;23(9):4139–4150. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00522
Evidence Scale
Olink DCM-HF: targeted plasma proteomics, ELISA replication, and external cardiac transcriptomic evaluation
A targeted plasma-proteomics biomarker study that profiles 92 cardiovascular-related proteins in DCM-HF, prioritizes five candidate markers, replicates their plasma abundance with ELISA in an independent local cohort, and evaluates the corresponding five-gene expression panel across three external human cardiac transcriptomic datasets.
- local participants
- 103: 50 DCM-HF and 53 healthy controls
- Olink discovery cohort
- 38 participants: 20 DCM-HF and 18 healthy controls
- Olink panel
- 92 cardiovascular-related proteins
- proteins differing at p<0.05
- 33
- focused differentially abundant proteins
- 13; all higher in DCM-HF, P<0.001 in Results and significant after FDR correction
- prioritized candidate markers
- 5: SPP1, IGFBP7, F11R, CHI3L1 and PLAUR
- independent ELISA cohort
- 65 participants: 30 DCM-HF and 35 healthy controls
- external cardiac transcriptomic datasets
- 3: GSE116250, GSE141910 and GSE165303
- combined five-gene AUCs
- 0.959, 0.773 and 0.803, respectively
- external-evaluation modality
- human cardiac gene expression; not independent plasma proteomics
Counting note
The article reports 103 local participants across two separate cohorts: 38 participants in the Olink discovery cohort and 65 participants in the ELISA validation cohort. These local counts can be combined because the article explicitly reports 50 DCM-HF patients and 53 healthy controls overall. The three external GEO datasets are different evidence units: article-reported analyzed sample counts differ from native or independently documented dataset composition for several accessions. External dataset counts are therefore preserved as reported in provenance and are not aggregated into a derived external total n.
Key Findings
KF1 Targeted plasma proteomics identified a focused DCM-HF-associated protein signature.
Olink Cardiovascular III profiling in the 38-participant discovery cohort
| Measure | Value |
|---|---|
| discovery cohort | 20 DCM-HF and 18 healthy controls |
| proteins profiled | 92 |
| overall abundance direction | 75 higher and 17 lower in DCM-HF |
| proteins at p<0.05 | 33 |
| focused DEP set | 13 proteins; all higher in DCM-HF |
| focused DEP significance | P<0.001 in Results; remained significant after FDR correction |
| Fig. 1D display threshold | absolute logFC >0.5 and p<0.05 |
Source locator: Results 3.2: Identification of Cardiovascular-Related Biomarkers Using Olink; Fig. 1A-D; Fig. 2; Table S1
KF2 Five candidate plasma markers were prioritized from the differential-protein set for focused validation.
Candidate prioritization after Olink differential-abundance and bioinformatic analyses
| Measure | Value |
|---|---|
| prioritized markers | SPP1, IGFBP7, F11R, CHI3L1 and PLAUR |
| Methods selection description | DEPs with at least 1.3-fold change and pivotal roles in KEGG pathways |
| Results selection description | selected based on the highest fold changes and bioinformatics analysis |
Source locator: Methods 2.7: ELISA Validation in Plasma; Results 3.6: ELISA Validation of Differentially Expressed Proteins in DCM-HF Plasma
KF3 The five prioritized plasma markers showed directionally consistent replication with ELISA in an independent local cohort.
Independent plasma ELISA cohort using a second assay
| Measure | Value |
|---|---|
| ELISA cohort | 65 participants |
| DCM-HF | 30 |
| healthy controls | 35 |
| markers | SPP1, IGFBP7, F11R, CHI3L1 and PLAUR |
| direction | all five higher in DCM-HF |
| reported group-comparison significance | P<0.001 |
Source locator: Methods 2.7: ELISA Validation in Plasma; Results 3.6; Fig. 4A-E; Table S5
KF4 The corresponding five-gene expression panel showed diagnostic discrimination across three external human cardiac transcriptomic datasets.
Cross-dataset ROC evaluation of cardiac gene-expression markers rather than independent plasma-protein measurements
| Measure | Value |
|---|---|
| GSE116250 combined AUC | 0.959; 95% CI 0.905-0.996 |
| GSE141910 combined AUC | 0.773; 95% CI 0.719-0.820 |
| GSE165303 combined AUC | 0.803; 95% CI 0.706-0.888 |
| external modality | human cardiac transcriptomics |
| interpretation boundary | diagnostic discrimination in existing datasets, not prospective incident-DCM prediction |
Source locator: Methods 2.7-2.8; Results 3.6; Fig. 5A-C
KF5 The differential-protein profile was associated with clinical measures of heart-failure severity and systemic physiology.
Correlation analysis between DCM-HF-associated plasma proteins and clinical indicators
| Measure | Value |
|---|---|
| reported positive associations | included CRP, LDL-C and NT-proBNP |
| reported negative associations | included albumin, eGFR and LVEF |
| correlation-screening threshold | r = 0.3 and p<0.05 |
Source locator: Results 3.5: Relationship between Differentially Expressed Proteins and DCM-HF; Table 2; Tables S2-S4; Fig. S3
KF6 Functional-enrichment and protein-interaction analyses placed the DCM-HF-associated protein set within inflammatory, remodeling, adhesion, fibrinolytic, and related biological programs.
Computational biological interpretation of the 13-protein differential-abundance set
| Measure | Value |
|---|---|
| GO interpretation | biological regulation, cell migration/proliferation, platelet aggregation and multicellular regulation among reported processes |
| PPI network | 12 of 13 target proteins retained after isolated targets were excluded |
| STRING confidence cutoff | 900 |
| interconnected candidates | included SPP1, PLAUR, F11R, CHI3L1, CCL15, CCL2 and CDH5 |
| evidence scope | computational association and hypothesis generation, not mechanistic confirmation |
Source locator: Results 3.3: GO Enrichment Analysis of Target Genes of DCM-HF DEPs; Results 3.4: Protein-Protein Interaction Network Analysis of DEPs in DCM-HF; Fig. 3A-E; Fig. S2
Study Design & Analytical Framework
Study profile
- Study Design
- Cross-sectional targeted plasma-proteomics biomarker discovery and validation study with external human cardiac transcriptomic evaluation
- Evidence Type
- Targeted plasma proteomics, independent plasma ELISA replication, cardiac transcriptomics, ROC analysis, clinical correlation analysis, functional enrichment, and protein-protein interaction analysis
- Population
- Locally recruited adults with dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure (DCM-HF) and healthy controls, together with external human DCM and non-failing/control cardiac transcriptomic datasets
- Primary Endpoint
- Identification and independent plasma-assay replication of DCM-HF-associated protein biomarkers
- Secondary Endpoint
- Evaluation of diagnostic discrimination of the corresponding gene-expression panel across external cardiac transcriptomic datasets and biological/clinical contextualization of the differential-protein set
- External dataset evaluation
- Yes
Data modalities
- targeted plasma proteomics
- plasma ELISA
- human cardiac transcriptomics
- clinical phenotypes
- functional enrichment and protein-interaction analysis
What This Study Adds
- Establishes a targeted plasma-proteomics discovery layer for DCM-HF by systematically evaluating 92 cardiovascular-related proteins rather than focusing on a single candidate biomarker.
- Adds independent local plasma replication using ELISA in a separate participant cohort and a different assay platform.
- Connects circulating-protein findings to corresponding gene-expression signals across three external human cardiac transcriptomic datasets while preserving the distinction between protein-level and transcript-level evidence.
- Places the biomarker signals into clinical and biological context through correlation, functional-enrichment and protein-interaction analyses, generating hypotheses for larger validation and mechanistic studies.
Evidence Scope
Supports
- A predefined 92-protein cardiovascular Olink panel detected differential plasma protein abundance between the studied DCM-HF and healthy-control groups.
- Thirteen proteins showed marked higher abundance in the Olink discovery analysis and remained significant after FDR correction.
- SPP1, IGFBP7, F11R, CHI3L1 and PLAUR showed directionally consistent higher plasma levels in an independent local ELISA cohort.
- The corresponding five-gene expression panel showed diagnostic discrimination across three external human cardiac transcriptomic datasets.
- Several DCM-HF-associated plasma proteins were correlated with clinical indicators including NT-proBNP, LVEF, CRP and eGFR in the studied cohort.
- Functional-enrichment and protein-interaction analyses provide biological hypotheses involving inflammatory, remodeling and related processes.
- The five prioritized markers constitute candidates for larger biomarker-validation studies.
Does Not Establish
- That the Olink analysis provides an unbiased whole-proteome survey; it used a predefined targeted cardiovascular panel.
- That the 13 differentially abundant proteins cause DCM-HF or directly determine disease severity.
- That SPP1, IGFBP7, F11R, CHI3L1 or PLAUR are clinically validated diagnostic tests for DCM-HF.
- That external cardiac transcriptomic evaluation constitutes independent plasma-proteomic replication.
- That ROC discrimination in existing case-control/transcriptomic datasets predicts who will develop DCM-HF prospectively.
- That the five-marker panel has demonstrated incremental clinical utility over echocardiography, cardiac MRI, NT-proBNP, troponin, or standard diagnostic assessment.
- That correlation, GO/KEGG enrichment or PPI-network analysis establishes a causal molecular mechanism.
- That any of the identified proteins is a validated therapeutic target or that biomarker-guided treatment improves clinical outcomes.
- That this publication generated original mouse-model evidence; the Methods and Results do not describe an animal experiment.
Limitations
- The Olink discovery cohort was small, with 20 DCM-HF patients and 18 healthy controls.
- The Olink assay was a predefined 92-protein cardiovascular panel rather than an unbiased whole-proteome measurement.
- The local discovery and ELISA analyses were cross-sectional and do not establish prospective incident-disease prediction or longitudinal prognostic performance.
- The external GEO evaluation used cardiac transcriptomic data rather than independent plasma-proteomic cohorts, so it supports corresponding gene-expression discrimination rather than direct protein-level replication.
- Article-reported sample counts for the external GEO datasets differ from native or independently documented dataset composition, and the exact filtering logic is not fully specified.
- Clinical correlations were exploratory and were not independently replicated for each protein-clinical-variable relationship.
- GO/KEGG, STRING, Cytoscape and related analyses are computational and do not establish causal mechanisms or therapeutic efficacy.
- The article reports ChiCTR2100051469, but publicly indexed registry information for that identifier appears to correspond to a different study; the linkage to this DCM-HF proteomics study is therefore unresolved.
- Although the Introduction refers to human plasma and mouse models, the study Methods and Results do not describe an original animal experiment; mouse evidence discussed in the article derives from cited prior studies.
When This Study Is Useful to Cite
- CU1: What targeted plasma proteomics evidence identifies candidate biomarkers for DCM-HF?
A targeted Olink cardiovascular panel identified a DCM-HF-associated differential-protein set and prioritized five candidate plasma markers; this is not an unbiased whole-proteome discovery.
- CU2: Were the prioritized DCM-HF plasma proteins replicated using an independent assay and cohort?
The five prioritized plasma markers showed directionally consistent replication by ELISA in an independent local plasma cohort.
Evidence: KF3
- CU3: How did the five-marker panel perform across external human cardiac transcriptomic datasets?
Five corresponding gene-expression markers discriminated cases in three external human cardiac transcriptomic datasets; these are not independent plasma-proteomic replications.
Evidence: KF4
- CU4: Which clinical measures were associated with the DCM-HF protein profile?
The differential-protein profile was correlated with clinical measures of heart-failure severity and systemic physiology; correlations are not causal or prospective prediction.
Evidence: KF5
- CU5: What biological pathways and interaction networks were associated with the DCM-HF differential-protein set?
Functional enrichment and protein-interaction analysis associated the differential proteins with inflammatory, remodeling, adhesion, fibrinolytic and related programs; these are computational associations.
Evidence: KF6
What This Study Should Not Be Cited to Claim
- A targeted 92-protein panel is not an unbiased whole-proteome survey.
- Candidate plasma biomarkers are not clinically validated diagnostic tests.
- ELISA replication is independent plasma-protein evidence, distinct from external GEO transcriptomic evaluation.
- Retrospective ROC discrimination is not prospective incident prediction.
- Correlation, enrichment and protein-interaction networks do not establish causal mechanism.
- No validated therapeutic target or treatment efficacy was established.
Evidence Matrix
| Row ID | Component | Context | Finding | Evidence Level | Scope | Source Locator | Evidence refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| evidence-olink-dcm-1 | KF1: Targeted plasma proteomics identified a focused DCM-HF-associated protein signature. | Olink Cardiovascular III profiling in the 38-participant discovery cohort | Targeted plasma proteomics identified a focused DCM-HF-associated protein signature. discovery cohort: 20 DCM-HF and 18 healthy controls; proteins profiled: 92; overall abundance direction: 75 higher and 17 lower in DCM-HF; proteins at p<0.05: 33; focused DEP set: 13 proteins; all higher in DCM-HF; focused DEP significance: P<0.001 in Results; remained significant after FDR correction; Fig. 1D display threshold: absolute logFC >0.5 and p<0.05. | Targeted plasma proteomics | Olink Cardiovascular III profiling in the 38-participant discovery cohort | Results 3.2: Identification of Cardiovascular-Related Biomarkers Using Olink; Fig. 1A-D; Fig. 2; Table S1 | KF1 |
| evidence-olink-dcm-2 | KF2: Five candidate plasma markers were prioritized from the differential-protein set for focused validation. | Candidate prioritization after Olink differential-abundance and bioinformatic analyses | Five candidate plasma markers were prioritized from the differential-protein set for focused validation. prioritized markers: SPP1, IGFBP7, F11R, CHI3L1 and PLAUR; Methods selection description: DEPs with at least 1.3-fold change and pivotal roles in KEGG pathways; Results selection description: selected based on the highest fold changes and bioinformatics analysis. | Candidate biomarker prioritization | Candidate prioritization after Olink differential-abundance and bioinformatic analyses | Methods 2.7: ELISA Validation in Plasma; Results 3.6: ELISA Validation of Differentially Expressed Proteins in DCM-HF Plasma | KF2 |
| evidence-olink-dcm-3 | KF3: The five prioritized plasma markers showed directionally consistent replication with ELISA in an independent local cohort. | Independent plasma ELISA cohort using a second assay | The five prioritized plasma markers showed directionally consistent replication with ELISA in an independent local cohort. ELISA cohort: 65 participants; DCM-HF: 30; healthy controls: 35; markers: SPP1, IGFBP7, F11R, CHI3L1 and PLAUR; direction: all five higher in DCM-HF; reported group-comparison significance: P<0.001. | Independent plasma ELISA replication | Independent plasma ELISA cohort using a second assay | Methods 2.7: ELISA Validation in Plasma; Results 3.6; Fig. 4A-E; Table S5 | KF3 |
| evidence-olink-dcm-4 | KF4: The corresponding five-gene expression panel showed diagnostic discrimination across three external human cardiac transcriptomic datasets. | Cross-dataset ROC evaluation of cardiac gene-expression markers rather than independent plasma-protein measurements | The corresponding five-gene expression panel showed diagnostic discrimination across three external human cardiac transcriptomic datasets. GSE116250 combined AUC: 0.959; 95% CI 0.905-0.996; GSE141910 combined AUC: 0.773; 95% CI 0.719-0.820; GSE165303 combined AUC: 0.803; 95% CI 0.706-0.888; external modality: human cardiac transcriptomics; interpretation boundary: diagnostic discrimination in existing datasets, not prospective incident-DCM prediction. | External retrospective cardiac transcriptomic evaluation | Cross-dataset ROC evaluation of cardiac gene-expression markers rather than independent plasma-protein measurements | Methods 2.7-2.8; Results 3.6; Fig. 5A-C | KF4 |
| evidence-olink-dcm-5 | KF5: The differential-protein profile was associated with clinical measures of heart-failure severity and systemic physiology. | Correlation analysis between DCM-HF-associated plasma proteins and clinical indicators | The differential-protein profile was associated with clinical measures of heart-failure severity and systemic physiology. reported positive associations: included CRP, LDL-C and NT-proBNP; reported negative associations: included albumin, eGFR and LVEF; correlation-screening threshold: r = 0.3 and p<0.05. | Clinical correlation analysis | Correlation analysis between DCM-HF-associated plasma proteins and clinical indicators | Results 3.5: Relationship between Differentially Expressed Proteins and DCM-HF; Table 2; Tables S2-S4; Fig. S3 | KF5 |
| evidence-olink-dcm-6 | KF6: Functional-enrichment and protein-interaction analyses placed the DCM-HF-associated protein set within inflammatory, remodeling, adhesion, fibrinolytic, and related biological programs. | Computational biological interpretation of the 13-protein differential-abundance set | Functional-enrichment and protein-interaction analyses placed the DCM-HF-associated protein set within inflammatory, remodeling, adhesion, fibrinolytic, and related biological programs. GO interpretation: biological regulation, cell migration/proliferation, platelet aggregation and multicellular regulation among reported processes; PPI network: 12 of 13 target proteins retained after isolated targets were excluded; STRING confidence cutoff: 900; interconnected candidates: included SPP1, PLAUR, F11R, CHI3L1, CCL15, CCL2 and CDH5; evidence scope: computational association and hypothesis generation, not mechanistic confirmation. | Computational enrichment and interaction analysis | Computational biological interpretation of the 13-protein differential-abundance set | Results 3.3: GO Enrichment Analysis of Target Genes of DCM-HF DEPs; Results 3.4: Protein-Protein Interaction Network Analysis of DEPs in DCM-HF; Fig. 3A-E; Fig. S2 | KF6 |
Q&A
How many participants were included in the DCM-HF Olink proteomics study?
The article reports 103 local participants: 50 DCM-HF patients and 53 healthy controls. Thirty-eight participants formed the Olink discovery cohort, and a separate 65 participants formed the ELISA validation cohort.
Evidence: KF1, KF3
How many proteins were profiled with Olink in DCM-HF?
The Olink Cardiovascular III panel measured 92 targeted cardiovascular-related plasma proteins in 20 DCM-HF patients and 18 healthy controls.
Evidence: KF1
Which plasma proteins were prioritized for validation?
SPP1, IGFBP7, F11R, CHI3L1 and PLAUR were prioritized from the differential-protein analysis for focused validation.
Evidence: KF2
Were the five Olink biomarkers replicated with another plasma assay?
Yes. In an independent cohort of 30 DCM-HF patients and 35 healthy controls, ELISA showed higher plasma levels of SPP1, IGFBP7, F11R, CHI3L1 and PLAUR, with P<0.001 for the reported group comparisons.
Evidence: KF3
Were the five plasma proteins independently validated in external proteomic cohorts?
No. The external GEO evidence came from human cardiac gene-expression datasets. It supports the corresponding five-gene transcriptomic signal rather than independent plasma-protein replication.
Evidence: KF4
What diagnostic discrimination did the five-marker gene panel show in external datasets?
The combined five-gene AUCs were 0.959 in GSE116250, 0.773 in GSE141910 and 0.803 in GSE165303.
Evidence: KF4
Does this study show that these proteins predict future DCM-HF?
No. The study evaluated cross-sectional or case-control discrimination and external transcriptomic classification. It did not test incident DCM-HF prediction in a prospective longitudinal cohort.
Evidence: KF4
Are SPP1, IGFBP7, F11R, CHI3L1 or PLAUR validated therapeutic targets for DCM-HF?
No. The study used association, enrichment and network analyses and did not experimentally test target inhibition, target activation, or biomarker-guided treatment. Therapeutic implications remain hypothesis-generating.
Evidence: KF5, KF6
Concepts & Entities
Conditions
Biomarkers Proteins
Clinical Phenotypes
Biological Processes
Data Types
Assays Platforms
Methods
External Datasets
Evidence Concepts
Related Research
Publication & Provenance
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00522
- Publisher
- https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00522
- PubMed
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39129220/
- PMCID
- PMC11385702
- Doi Url
- https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00522
- Version Of Record
- Journal of Proteome Research, Volume 23, Issue 9, pages 4139-4150; published online 12 August 2024 and in issue 6 September 2024
- License
- Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
- Local Ethics
- The article reports Institutional Review Board approval from the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, approval 2022-KT-105.
- Article Reported Registration
- The article reports ChiCTR2100051469; this identifier is retained as article-reported provenance only because public registry indexing appears inconsistent with the DCM-HF proteomics study.
- External Datasets
- GSE116250; GSE141910; GSE165303
- Supporting Material
- Table S1: all 92 Olink Cardiovascular III proteins; Tables S2-S4: correlation analyses; Table S5: raw ELISA validation data; Figure S1: study flowchart; Figure S2: NetworkAnalyst/PPI analysis; Figure S3: DEP-clinical-indicator correlation visualization
- Code Repository
- No dedicated article-specific code repository was identified in the reviewed version-of-record resources.
- Source Note External Counts
- The article reports GSE116250 as 15 controls and 38 DCM, GSE141910 as 162 controls and 162 DCM, and GSE165303 as 48 controls and 74 DCM. Native or independently documented dataset composition differs: GSE116250 contains 14 non-failing, 37 DCM and 13 ischemic-cardiomyopathy samples; GSE141910 is documented as a 366-sample left-ventricular resource including 166 non-failing and 166 DCM samples plus HCM and PPCM; GSE165303 is a multi-assay heart-tissue series whose RNA-seq subset is independently documented as 51 non-failing and 50 DCM hearts. The exact filtering logic used to obtain the article-reported analyzed counts is not fully specified, so this evidence page preserves the discrepancy and does not aggregate an external total n.
- Source Note Registration
- The article reports ChiCTR2100051469. Publicly indexed information for that identifier describes a magnetocardiography/myocardial-ischemia diagnostic study rather than this DCM-HF proteomics study, so the registration linkage is treated as unresolved and should not be represented as a verified ClinicalTrial entity or trial sameAs link.
- Source Note Mouse Models
- The Introduction refers to exploring mechanisms in human plasma and mouse models, but the Methods and Results do not describe an original animal experiment in this publication. Mouse evidence discussed in the article derives from cited prior studies and is not treated as evidence generated by this study.
- Evidence Basis
- ACS version of record and Supporting Information, PubMed/PMC records, NCBI GEO records, and independently documented dataset composition used to audit provenance discrepancies
Study-level evidence table
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